Greenhouse Management - ppt download

Greenhouse Management - ppt download: Chapter Objectives What is climate change? Global climate change Global climate change impacts Prepared by Seng Theara, MBA

Planetary Boundaries

http://www.anthropocene.info/planetary-boundaries.php

Identifying and quantifying planetary boundaries that must not be transgressed could help prevent human activities from causing unacceptable environmental change.

 

උල්ලංගනය නොකළ යුතු ග්‍රහලෝක මායිම් හඳුනා ගැනීම සහ මිනුම කිරීම පිළිගත නොහැකි පාරිසරික වෙනසක් ඇති කිරීමේ  මානව ක්‍රියාකාරකම් වැළැක්වීමට උපකාරී වේ.

 

සාරාංශය

New approach was proposed for defining preconditions for human development

මානව සංවර්ධනය සඳහා වන පූර්ව කොන්දේසි නිර්වචනය 

කිරීම සඳහා නව ප්‍රවේශයන් යෝජනා කර  තිබේ

 

Crossing certain biophysical thresholds could have disastrous consequences for humanity

 

සමහර ජෛව භෞතික සීමාවන් ඉක්මවා යාම විනාශකාරී විය හැකිය

 

Three of nine interlinked planetary boundaries have already been overstepped

 

අන්තර් සම්බන්ධිත ග්‍රහලෝක මායිම් නවයෙන් තුනක් 

දැනටමත් 

ඉක්මවා ගොස් ඇත

 

http://www.anthropocene.info/anthropocene-timeline.php

 

Reducing food waste could reduce GHG emissions

We need to answer the following questions to prove above statement

 Is wasting less food a way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions?

About 11% of all the greenhouse gas emissions that come from the food system could be reduced if we stop wasting food. In the US alone, the production of lost or wasted food generates the equivalent of 37 million cars' worth of greenhouse gas emissions.

 

What is the relationship between food waste and heat trapping emissions?

Food waste also contributes directly to climate change. Most wasted food ends up in landfills, where the zero–oxygen environment turns organic matter — from bread to banana peels — into methane, a gas that traps about 30 times more heat than carbon dioxide over the course of a century.

How does cutting waste produce more food?

Saves money from buying less food. Reduces methane emissions from landfills and lowers your carbon footprint. Conserves energy and resources, preventing pollution involved in the growing, manufacturing, transporting, and selling food (not to mention hauling the food waste and then landfilling it).

For more information on this subject please click following link

https://www.greenbiz.com/article/reducing-food-waste-could-dramatically-cut-ghg-emissions 

What is Climate Resilience?

As the negative impacts of climate change are increasingly felt around the world, however, it has become clear that simultaneous efforts are necessary to increase adaptive capacity and build resilience.  
Resilience is the capacity to recover quickly from difficulties.

       Definition: Capacity of a system, communities, households or individuals to prevent, mitigate or cope with the risk and recover from shocks.

Simply it’s the ability for communities to recover from the impacts of climate events. It’s the difference between weather being manageable…or a catastrophe. But for many parts of the world, where livelihoods depend so much on the climate, critical weather and climate information is unavailable or unusable (more vulnerable and less resilience).

Read more on this subject (click here) 

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CO2 hits record high level

Atmospheric CO2 Levels Just Hit a Scary New Milestone

 

 What does CO2?

 It is significant that so much carbon dioxide stays in the atmosphere because CO₂ is the most important gas for controlling Earth's temperature. Carbon dioxide, methane, and halocarbons are greenhouse gases that absorb a wide range of energy—including infrared energy (heat) emitted by the Earth—and then re-emit it.

  What is current CO2 Concentration?

Carbon dioxide concentrations have shown several cycles of variation from about 180 parts per million during the deep glaciations of the Holocene and Pleistocene to 280 parts per million during the interglacial periods. Following the start of the Industrial Revolution, atmospheric CO
2 concentration increased to over 400 parts per million and continues to increase, causing the phenomenon of global warming. As of April 2018, the average monthly level of CO
2 in Earth's atmosphere exceeded 410 parts per million. The daily average concentration of atmospheric CO
2 at Mauna Loa Observatory first exceeded 400 ppm on 10 May 2013 although this concentration had already been reached in the Arctic in June 2012.^[15] It currently constitutes about 0.041% by volume of the atmosphere, (equal to 410 ppm) which corresponds to approximately 3200 billion metric tons of CO
2, containing approximately 870 billion metric tons of carbon. Each part per million by volume of CO
2 in the atmosphere thus represents approximately 2.13 billion metric tons of carbon. The global mean CO
2 concentration is currently rising at a rate of approximately 2 ppm/year and accelerating.There is an annual fluctuation of about 3–9 ppm which is negatively correlated with the Northern Hemisphere's growing season. The Northern Hemisphere dominates the annual cycle of CO
2 concentration because it has much greater land area and plant biomass than the Southern Hemisphere. Concentrations reach a peak in May as the Northern Hemisphere spring greenup begins, and decline to a minimum in October, near the end of the growing season.
Since global warming is attributed to increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases such as CO
2, scientists closely monitor atmospheric CO
2 concentrations and their impact on the present-day biosphere. The National Geographic wrote that the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is this high "for the first time in 55 years of measurement—and probably more than 3 million years of Earth history." The current concentration may be the highest in the last 20 million years.

Carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere was measured at a record high of 415 parts per millions (ppm) on Friday, scientists said.
The reading was made by the Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii, which has maintained a rolling measure of CO2 levels since 1958.

 Read More
https://thehill.com/policy/energy-environment/443389-carbon-dioxide-levels-hit-new-landmark-at-415-ppm-highest-in-human?fbclid=IwAR3liC0D2dpFfol0WpRb07Zz9QaAN9o75C0sVS7vfF8KTx4dbJWi5q4morc

 

 

Sri Lanka ranked as one of the highly

climate change affected countries

Realizing the impending necessity to address the impact of climate change on the  Sri Lanka nation, the Sri Lankan Government has collaborated with the Asian Development Bank (ADB) and World Bank to develop a national adaptation strategy to mitigate the negative effects of a changing climate.

“The world, unlike in the past, has become severely vulnerable to natural disasters,” President said. “Almost every day, we see millions of people becoming victims of severe floods, landslides, volcanoes, cyclones, earthquakes and the like. As a country we alternatively experienced both drought and floods. It has become increasingly difficult for affected countries to manage unassisted, the post disaster recovery programmes. The recent natural calamities in our region underline the crucial need for effective action, in which there is collective participation, to reduce human suffering. So without doubt, climate change and global warming are today issues which demand the urgent attention of all nations.”

According to a report released by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 2013, approximately 70 percent of the coastlines worldwide are projected to experience sea level change. The IPCC’s fifth assessment report says if average global temperatures increase by approximately four degrees Celsius, sea levels could rise as much as 1 m by 2100, with catastrophic results.

Given this reality, world leaders who will meet in New York at the Climate Summit on the 23rd of September 2014 are expected to find measures to maintain the rate of global warming below two degrees Celsius.

Although, today, climate change has become a global issue, the countries that are most affected are those that have contributed least to the problem.

Sri Lanka, being an island nation, cannot escape the realities the threats of climate change pose. In its capacity, the Government formulated the “National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy” with the assistance from the ADB to increase Sri Lanka’s resilience to climate change impacts whilst pursuing sustainable economic development.

Sri Lanka has also repeatedly underscored the need to practice social equity at the international level, especially on matters related to climate change.

“The disproportionate pollution of the environment by industrialised countries, and the resultant impact on global warming and climate change, cannot be remedied with any semblance of justice by imposing harsh restraints on developing countries, which have contributed very little to aggravation of the problem'.

Building Sri Lanka’s Resilience 

to Climate Change

 

Click to the link below

https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2018/09/21/building-sri-lankas-resilience-to-climate-change

  

Climate change and Sri Lanka. 

How big a threat?

As per the publication “In the next 55 years the greatest threat to Sri Lanka will be not from war, but from climate change. Sri Lanka is particularly vulnerable to rising sea levels and weather-related disasters have the potential to set back any gains made in agriculture, fisheries and even services such as tourism”

In addition the following article is extracted from the report titled ‘Intended Nationally Determined Contributions’ by the Ministry of Mahaweli Development and Environment, Sri Lanka, 

“As a small island in the Indian Ocean, the coastal region of Sri Lanka is susceptible to changes in sea level. The 2004 tsunami has indicated that low-lying plains in the coastal zone will be vulnerable to any future rise in sea level Emerging evidence from various sources suggest that climate change could alter natural systems connected to the water cycle, the ecosystems and the bio-diversity of the country. This could lead to decline of various ecosystem services that are indispensable for the welfare of human population.”

Therefore climate change does seem to be an issue of concern for Sri Lanka.
 

Click to the link below to read more

 How big the threat is?

Reasons to Worry About Climate Change

As per the recent UN report, climate change sounded an alarming note: The problem is real, it is growing and the worst is yet to come. We need to think of the dire consequences of not reducing greenhouse gases as the Top 10 Reasons to Worry About Climate Change.

For more information pl refer
https://www.usnews.com/news/slideshows/top-10-reasons-to-worry-about-climate-change?onepage

Impacts of Climate Change Will Make You More Worried

Climate change is one of the greatest environmental, social, and economic threats that the world faces today. With 160 million people, Bangladesh is one of the largest deltas in the world which is highly vulnerable to natural disasters because of its geographical location, flat and low-lying landscape, population density, poverty, illiteracy, lack of institutional setup etc. Moreover, the adverse effects of climate change – especially high temperature, sea-level rise, cyclones and storm surges, salinity intrusion, heavy monsoon downpours etc. has aggravated the overall economic development scenario of the country to a great extent.

 

You Need to Know What Climate Change Actually Means

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) defines climate change as “a change in the state of the climate that can be identified (e.g. using statistical tests) by changes in the mean and/or the variability of its properties, and that persists for an extended period, typically decades or longer. It refers to any change in climate over time, whether due to natural variability or as a result of human activity”.

Climate change generally refers to global changes in temperature, wind, precipitation, the length of seasons as well as the strength and frequency of extreme weather events like droughts and floods.
Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice and rising global average sea level.
The period from 1983 to 2012 was likely the warmest 30-year period of the last 1400 years in the Northern Hemisphere. The globally averaged combined land and ocean surface temperature increased about 0.85°C over the period from 1880 to 2012. Increases in sea level are consistent with warming. Over the period 1901 to 2010, global mean sea level rose by 0.19m per year (IPCC: Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report).

What Are The Causes of Climate Change?

The world climate is changing mostly because of greenhouse effect. Water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), CFC, methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O) etc. are common greenhouse gases. China, USA, India, Russia, and Brazil are the major greenhouse gas emitters.
The heat of the sun usually goes back to the outer space by radiation. But the greenhouse effect prevents the radiation of the heat. For this reason the average temperature of the world is increasing. The main causes of greenhouse gas emissions are:

Anthropogenic Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions:

Anthropogenic GHG emissions have increased since the pre-industrial era, driven largely by economic and population growth, and are now higher than ever. Global GHG emissions have been increased about 70% between 1970 and 2012. Between 1750 and 2011, cumulative anthropogenic CO2 emissions to the atmosphere were 2040 ± 310 GtCO2.

Fossil Fuel Combustion:

Emissions of CO2 from fossil fuel combustion and industrial processes contributed about 78% of the total GHG emissions increase from 1970 to 2010.

Deforestation and Urbanization:

Everyday over 5500 acres of rain forest are destroyed resulting about 0.4% rise of CO2 level per year.

Impacts of Climate Change in Bangladesh

Bangladesh experiences different types of Natural Disasters almost every year because of the Global Warming as well as climate change. More than 100 types of changes have been observed in the environment of Asia because of climate change. Bangladesh is under great threat of climate change because of its geographic location. The probable threats to Bangladesh are:

Disappearing Seasons of Bangladesh:

The seasons of Bangladesh are disappearing due to climate change. Summer and rainy season are prolonging while winter season is shrinking. Autumn and Dewy season are vanishing.

Flooding in Coastal Areas:

Almost 80% of the total area of the country is prone to flooding. According to IPCC, the sea level of the Bay of Bengal will be increased about one meter by this century. As a result a huge amount of coastal area of Bangladesh will be submerged under water.

Natural Disasters:

Flood, cyclone, drought, river bank erosion etc. will be increased and intensified due to the change of climate.

Crop Production and Food Security:

The average temperature of Bangladesh will be increased up to 2 degree Celsius by the year of 2050 due to global warming. It will reduce the production of rice up to 10% and wheat up to 30% due to the shortage of water for irrigation.

Fisheries and Forests:

The fisheries sector has also experienced an adverse effect because of the impacts of climate change. There are around 260 species of fish in the country and almost all the varieties are sensitive to specific salt and freshwater conditions.
About 75% area of mangrove forest, the Sundarban, will be submerged if the sea level rises up to 45cm. If the seal level rises over 1 meter, the whole mangrove forest will be submerged under sea water.

Water Resources:

The effects of climate change on the surface and groundwater resources will be very severe and alarming. The rivers are becoming dry and salinity intrusion is taking place. As a result, there will be huge crisis for fresh water. Irrigation, fishery, industrial production, navigation will also be affected to a great extent.

Public Health:

Various health problems and diseases will be increased due to climate change. Frequent floods and cyclonic storm surges are contaminating water resources increasing water borne diseases such as cholera, diarrhea etc. Some other diseases like hepatitis-B, cerebral contamination, meningitis, polio will be increased. Rise of temperature will favor for pests and pathogens that will increase dengue, malaria, etc.

Climate Refugee:

Only 1 meter sea level rise in Bangladesh will lead to 15% loss of its total land area and around 30 million people living in the coastal areas of Bangladesh would become climate refugees.

Conclusion

Global climate change will affect the people and the environment in many ways. Some of these impacts like strong hurricanes and severe heat waves can be life threatening. It is difficult to sustain fight against the nature. But the nature usually does not behave rudely with the human beings. We, the human beings are mostly liable for making the nature unruly. We have destroyed our environment intentionally or unintentionally. The more we learn about how climate change will affect people and environment, the more we can say why people need to take action to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions. Being one of the most affected and vulnerable countries of the world due to climate change, Bangladesh is certainly well positioned to raise its voice and bargain for getting for a fair share in a global climate deal.

For more information please refer
https://geobangla.wordpress.com/2015/10/19/impacts-of-climate-change-in-bangladesh/